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Genghis Khan, whose real name was Temutchin, was born in 1155 on the steppes of Central Asia to the Mongolian Qiat clan and his father negotiated the marriage of his son to the daughter of another clan's chief, Börte. When the father dies, Genghis and the rest of his family wander the steppe for many years.
When he becomes a man, he asks for his fiancée's hand in marriage, and since the marriage had been arranged a long time ago, the chief of the other clan agrees to grant it to him, and this brings the two clans closer together. Temutchin was proclaimed Khan and became the leader of many Mongolian clans.
In 1206, his success was such that he gathered all the nomads of the steppe, Mongols and Turco-Mongols. At the age of forty, he was named ruler by all the tribes and given the name Genghis Khan, which means universal ruler in Mongolian. Continuing his assembly of tribes, he recovers two others installed in the confines of China and begins the conquest of the latter with an army of several thousand men.
He occupied Peking, massacred its population and destroyed the city in May 1215. He then turned west, defeating the Kara-Hitai kingdom in 1218 and becoming master of all of North China and Upper Asia. He continued his sackings and advances until he arrived in Bukhara, a city rich in treasures, in February 1220. He annihilated the population but unlike what he had done before he did not destroy the city and did the same for Samarkand the following month.
Genghis Khan will continue his ravages over Afghanistan and for him to annihilate the enemy population facing him was a way to keep them submissive, so that they would not want to rise up because if they dared to make a single move he would slaughter them without mercy.
For 20 years he would continue the conquest of Asia, of North China, almost reaching the borders of Europe, but then it would be up to his four sons to continue what their father had started. He let them continue their advance to Russia and Indochina. Genghis Khan died at the age of 72 after a fall from his horse, but left in good hands the task of finishing what he had started.
His four legitimate sons took over and initiated the conquests of Ukraine, Hungary, Persia and China. The youngest, Toloui, was given North China and served as supreme ruler for some time. The second was given Turkestan with the city of Samarkand. In 1229, when the assembly of Mongol chiefs chose Oegoedeï, the third son of Genghis Khan, as their leader, he established his capital in Karakorum, in the northwest of China. Until his death in 1241, he continued his conquests towards Europe, which barely escaped!
The last of the great Genghis Khan's sons died too young to enjoy power, and it was then that his sons received Western Siberia. One of them, Batou, created a Khanate (the Khanate of the Golden Horde) on the shores of the Caspian Sea, which terrorised the Russians for nearly three centuries!
In 1251, Toloui's eldest son was elected Great Khan, and fought until his death in 1259 to give the Mongolian empire its greatest apogee. He headed for Iran and Iraq, then Sichuan and Tibet, but was unable to defeat the Song's southern China, their first defeat for years!
He left his brother Kubilai with the honour of completing the conquest of China, which he reunified and founded the Yuan dynasty. He even welcomed Marco Polo on his arrival in Beijing. Under his reign, the Khan empire reached its maximum dimensions! But soon after this empire broke into four.
First of all, the China of Kubilai, then the other parts of the empire are formed by the Djaghataï in the centre, the Ilkhan in the south-west, that is to say Iran, Iraq and Syria, and finally the Golden Horde in the north-west, that is to say Russia and Eastern Europe. The empire was torn apart, none of the parties cooperated and even came into conflict, so we can say that the decline began...
